The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to human research ethics agreements but may be made available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. volume4, Articlenumber:151 (2018) Because there is no history of disaster in all the three eruptions in Eyjafjallajkull. Considering future response in this region is important given Katla is renowned as one of Iceland's most dangerous volcanoes due to its potential to produce catastrophic jkulhlaup (>100,000. Bass101568. As a consequence, several evacuation orders were issued during the 2010 events via the automated phone alert system, supervised by the local Chief of Police. Furthermore, residents were not kept at the evacuation centre any longer than needed. Apart from the volcano itself, hot springs and geysers can also bring in tourists. Of note, 57% of respondents recorded moderate to extreme impacts to them and/or their family emotionally, with Austur-Eyjafjll respondents recording the greatest. But it didnt worry us at all. Yeah! [stated in a very blas tone] (A-E). That means the 7-day shutdown of much of Europe's air traffic ordered by civil aviation authorities, which affected 10 million passengers and cost between 1.5 billion and 2.5 billion, was likely worth it. Its all going very well in a way but its a huge change because the tourists have multiplied - there are a lot more tourists here than there used to be three years ago. They are just visiting the country; they think its a plus if they can find some volcanoes and maybe have their picture of it. None of the respondents had first noticed environmental cues as these were most visible from parts of Fljtshl, which was not included in the study region. Balancing this loss was growth in all other categories (except 4559 year old males) between 2000 and 2016, with the greatest among females 6074 years (growth of 1.43), males 75+ years (growth of 1.31) and females (growth of 1.23) and males 1829 years (growth of 1.19). That is, local police/DCPEM worked with local residents to ensure safety from an imminent threat, as well as protecting livelihood interests. Of particular import to the study presented here is data pertaining to population, migration and livelihood. This paper explores the challenges this diversity brings with respect to generating a proactive public response to future evacuation orders. Population of Mrdalshreppur, Skaftrhreppur and Rangring eystra by age and sex. Eruption 2010: Nature of event:: Eyjafjallajokull (E15) is an ice-covered stratovolcano South-East of Iceland. Some 60 volunteers and staff of the Icelandic Red Cross have been working around the clock since the second eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano on 14 April. Despite this, the results presented here show not all residents evacuated in 2010 (~47% of our respondents). While we are not able to show statistically significant differences between the datasets due to the small size and slightly different nature of the 2008 dataset (e.g., it does not include respondents from Vestur-Eyjafjll and Austur-Eyjafjll), we can present some interesting observations. Accessed 15 Oct 2018, Danielsson J (2009) The first casualty of the crisis: Iceland. Yet, while eruptions are spectacular to watch, they can cause disastrous loss of life and property, especially in densely populated regions of the world. Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland - 2010 Impacts Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland - 2010 Type of Plate Boundary The volcano is situated on a constructive plate boundary between the North American and Eurasian plate . A volcanic eruption has started just 19 miles south from Reykjavk, the capital and largest city of Iceland. The town was inundated completely, and no attempt has been made to restore or rebuild it ("Nevado del Ruiz Volcano," 2010). To ensure this trust is maintained, officials must continually engage and work with the population of South Iceland as the regions demographic, economic and political landscape changes. We drove down to the highway and we could see a little reddish glow and of course we were excited, almost having fun because we were not afraid at all. 150km2 of reforestation projects destroyed. 27% of respondents reported receiving news of the summit eruption from DCPEM/police. Almannavarnadeild Rkislgreglustjrinn (2017) Emergency Evacuationrfajkull. If a volcanic eruption happens again, they will have better control over the entire air space. Bull Volcanol 73:12091227, Bird DK, Jhannesdttir G, Reynisson V, Karlsdttir S, Gudmundsson MT, Gsladttir G (2018) Crisis Coordination and Communication During the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull Eruption. New residents may also benefit from storytelling, involving detailed accounts from people who experienced the event. In addition to the everyday work of the local rescue teams, these officials will again call upon the sweeper system to help disseminate warning messages and check that individual households have complied with evacuation orders. The points raised in the following excerpt taken from one interview with a resident were echoed by several other respondents. This undermines decision making processes . Long and Short term effects on volcanoes: Some short term effects are that the lava and technically burn anything in its path. However, rather than just focusing information on the risk itself it is essential to communicate actionable risk, i.e., what actions people need to take with respect to reducing their personal risk (Drabek, 1999, Mileti et al., 2004, Wood et al., 2012). Eyjafjallajkull Volcano, Iceland 2010. Given the South attracts the highest number of visitors outside the capital region (Bird et al., 2016), it is safe to assume that the changes in livelihood are a reflection of changes in the South. The volcano affected global air travel, and shook the economies of almost every European nation. Immediate and long-term responses to a tectonic hazard. The Cumbre Vieja volcano on La Palma erupted from the 19th September to the 13th December 2021. Within these communities, people are bound together by common beliefs, values and activities. 2), and their associated fissure systems, have the highest eruption frequency and greatest volcanic productivity in Iceland (Thordarson and Larsen, 2007). Significantly, this paper links together longitudinal research that spans more than a decade capturing an at-risk populations perspectives of: inherited knowledge, hazard assessments, risk mitigation strategies including a fullscale evacuation exercise; to their response during and perspectives of a volcanic crisis. People who lack their own personal experience (i.e., new residents, tourists) might be influenced by vivid accounts from other members of the public more so than from volcanologists communicating geophysical probabilistic data (Lindell and Perry, 2004). Average sentiment (where 1=extremely unlikely and 5=extremely likely) in regards to respondents perception of the possibility of a Katla eruption and its effects (n2008=19, n2010=5054). http://www.traveller.com.au/kilauea-volcano-eruption-hawaii-tourists-arrested-for-entering-restricted-zones-to-take-. We were though temporarily isolated because the road connection broke. I therefore did not evacuate, as I felt safer at home (V-E). Even though some considered it the right thing to do, they decided to shelter in place (e.g., within their own home) because they had a duty of care to family members and believed this was the safest option. Its use post-surveying here was a result of unavailability of the software to our research team pre-surveying. They could put more effort in it. These operations are coordinated through a complex network involving geologists, emergency workers, the police and rescue workers. Climate change is the result of natural and human factors, and has a range of effects: Evidence for climate change from the beginning of the Quaternary period to the present day. Something went wrong thenbut our kids in Reykjavk, college students, they got an alarm. You have to know what is around you. The transcripts underwent a further analysis to capture detail and nuances that relate to the aims of this paper. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 189:3348, Article The volcanoes and districts of Icelands South region. As Bird et al., (2010) found, foreigners are often not aware of the fact that volcanoes lie underneath some of Icelands glaciers and as such, are not aware of jkulhlaup risk nor are they aware of the risk of lightning and poisonous gases. 0.0 / 5. There was hardly any registration of who were where and who were missing (A-E). Follow-up interviews were conducted in 2016 with the Chief of Police, the Chief Superintendent, the head of Rangring eystra and two local residents who operated both farming and tourism businesses. The eruption, which began on 26 October, has already left 141 people dead and 453 injured near the volcano, which is located some 30km north of the city of Yogyakarta. The 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano had a huge impact on air travel, changing the assessment of risk by the aviation sector and catalyzing new lines of scientific investigation. The eruption was relatively small but its impact was massive. To be effective, warnings need to be clear, precise and consistent as people will focus on minor points of inconsistency to support their decision to reject proposed actions (Drabek, 1999). Ascending the volcano. Tephra fallout and flood inundation data derived from Gudmundsson et al., (2012) and orkelsson (2012). The plume from the volcano has spread across the North Sea and dropped untold megatons of microscopic . Our primary school here in the area, they dont do anything special about this area. I dont think they [Icelandic children] think enough about their own country. Officials were also very pleased with public response to the evacuation orders. Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull (pronounced "AY-yah-fyah . 4). Report to ICAO-June 2012. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Sigfsdttir ID, Thorlindsson T, Kristjnsson L, Roe KM, Allegrante JP (2009) Substance use prevention for adolescents: the Icelandic Model. Scientists had already said many times that Eyjafjallajkull was a lazy crater with rather slow, small eruptions, not much coming out of the crater. This includes work in hotels, restaurants and gift shops. Google Scholar, Bird D, Gsladttir G (2014) How the children coped with the April 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruption in Iceland. Within these local communities (geographic location), people are bound together by relations of affect, loyalty and common values and as such, they have a certain familiarity with each other (Brint, 2001). Considering future response in this region is important given Katla is renowned as one of Icelands most dangerous volcanoes due to its potential to produce catastrophic jkulhlaup (>100,000m3s1) within 1 to 2h (Gumundsson and Gylfason, 2005, Gumundsson et al., 2007) warranting the need for an immediate response to evacuation orders. Accessed 1 Dec 2017, Statistics Iceland (2017b) Internal migration between regions by sex and age 1986-2016-Division into municipalites as of 1 January 2017. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__buferlaflutningar__buferlaflinnanlands__buferlaflinnanlands/MAN01002.px. This area also lies within the western jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption. . [Initially] it had not been established as on Fimmvruhls but [we knew it was on the] east [side]. 7. 1). The intense ash-producing eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano in 2010 was the result of an explosive interaction between hot magma and cold glacial melt water. Key criteria. The decision to omit Skgar was based on the fact that it is located further from the eruption site than other communities in Austur- Eyjafjll and it is not situated in a jkulhlaup hazard zone for an Eyjafjallajkull or Katla eruption. Describe the hazards faced by people who live close to a named volcano. . Due to the flank eruption, residents awareness was heightened when the summit eruption began in the early hours of 14 April 2010, with many reporting they were closely monitoring earthquake activity on the Icelandic Meteorological Offices website. Hence, we accessed data on the total number of people employed in main and second jobs held outside the capital region and within the farming (crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities) and tourism sectors. Overall, respondents ranked impacts on their home as the greatest followed by impacts to them and / or their family emotionally and financially (Table 2). Demographic changes most notably include greater international migration to the South, as well as from the capital region. Palgrave Communications The volcano erupted without much warning which meant that there could have been little time for evacuation . Sustained long-term efforts are needed to minimize the loss of lives from future eruptions. People living within a 20 km zone . It was very good (O). It has been relatively quiet since 2010 2010).An interaction between ash and magma led to large volumes of finely comminuted . or more economically developed countries. Residents trust in these officials has also evolved from officials listening to and developing strategies to meet the needs of the community. Population data for this period is available by municipality. Evacuation plans, based on a 2005 hazard assessment (see Gumundsson and Gylfason, 2005), were finalised during this period (Bird et al., 2011). (). Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Based on those advisories, over 300 airports in about two dozen countries, and a correspondingly large airspace, were closed in Europe during 15-21 April 2010. Eyjafjallajkull is a 500m long fissure volcano , that erupts basalt. Iceland: volcanic eruption prompts European Red Cross response Format News and Press Release Source. Furthermore, the required action, i.e., to evacuate, was clearly communicated. However, they chose to stay at home because they were caring for elderly parents who were unwell. Effects and long and short term responses of Volcanoes by . Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 10:407420, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2004) Communicating environmental risk in multiethnic communities. The animals aren't as effected because the lava flow is slow enough everyone should be able to get away in time. Rkislgreglustjrinn and Hsklatgfan, Reykjavk, Gumundsson MT, Hganadttir P, Kristinsson AB, Gubjrnsson S (2007) Geothermal activity in the subglacial Katla caldera, Iceland, 1999-2005, studied with radar altimetry. 7 Iceland's Financial Crisis and Its Causes In October 2008, Iceland nationalized its three largest banks. This is particularly pertinent among those that have immigrated from abroad. We believed the scientists when they said Eyjafjallajkull was lazy. The last composite volcano eruption occurred on March 20, 2010. You should also know and understand the immediate and long term responses and how volcanic eruptions are monitored. Local police also personally contacted people in the area if they believed the evacuation orders were not received. Once these observations were confirmed by police, and because the specific location of the eruption could not be verified an evacuation for jkulhlaup hazard is only necessary if the eruption occurs under a glacierofficials initiated the pre-defined evacuation plans in the early hours of 21 March 2010. (7 marks) Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Flashcards. However, 14 households were unavailable during the interview and questionnaire dissemination period, which was conducted over 10 days in August 2010. A long-awaited eruption On March 19, the Icelandic Meteorological Office picked up a few low-frequency earthquakes that may have come from magma moving toward the surfacebut these were very . Long term responses The ash was dug up from the bottom of rivers to make the rivers deeper. The day after the eruption we felt the ash come over here and it was completely dark. More specifically: Households in Vestur-Eyjafjll were required to evacuate due to jkulhlaup hazard during the flank and summit eruptions in Eyjafjallajkull. Contributions from the Ash Fall Impacts Working Group, Katharine Haynes, Carolina Garcia Londoo and Gurn Ptursdttir are appreciated in relation to the development of the questionnaire. Tourism related work mostly (85%) involved accommodation. Exactly ten years ago, on the 15th of April 2010, the volcanic eruption of Eyjafjallajkull in Iceland had caused European airspace to come to a standstill. Even if we already know that we are safe herewe are higher up so we are actually in no danger from the flood. Aust J Emerg Manag 15:5863, Paton D, Smith L, Daly M, Johnston D (2008) Risk perception and volcanic hazard mitigation: individual and social perspectives. While the nature of the 2016 project prevented a more broad survey, as that conducted in 2010, it provided an excellent opportunity to exchange and discuss valuable information with authorities in regards to developments in volcanic emergency response strategies on the back of learnings from the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions and our survey data. Some questions regarding Katla were retained because the Katla hazard zones cover the same communities impacted by the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. Health effects inlcude respiratory problems, eye problems, and skin irritiation. Despite these issues, the majority of respondents believed both evacuations were necessary. Eldfell after my visit to Eldheimar. On 8 June, 1783, the young country of Iceland - inhabited for less than 1,000 years - had a population of 50,000. Causes The Canary Islands have over 30 volcanoes, 10 of which lie on the island of La Palma. An intense seismic crisis started at Brdarbunga volcano on 16 August 2014 and led to several short-lived smaller subaerial and subglacial eruptions, before stabilizing in an ongoing (22 Sep) fissure eruption that started 31 Aug at Holuhraun plain north of the glacier. Rep. 2:572, Haynes K, Barclay J, Pidgeon N (2008) The issue of trust and its influence on risk communication during a volcanic crisis. Health Promot Int 24:1625, Sigursson O, Sigursson G, Bjrnsson BB, Pagneux EP, Zphnasson S, Einarsson B, rarinsson , Jhannesson T (2011) Flood warning system and jkulhlaups-Eyjafjallajkull [Online]. Only two respondents noted living at that address for less than 5 years. 5 which shows residents have much more trust in information from local police in 2010 than respondents did in 2008. Together, these eruptions caused considerable damage and ongoing challenges to local residents (Bird and Gsladttir, 2012). That would scare us much more. Over 100,000 flights were cancelled over that week, affecting 7 million passengers, and resulting in $1.7 billion USD in lost revenue to airlines according to an analysis by Oxford Economics. 6.5 km (4 mi) Iceland: 6.6 Km ESE of Brarbunga. Because of this, optimistic residents may be less inclined to respond to a future event. Population data by age and gender is available from 1998. The computer showed it was all very quiet (O). The eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano in Iceland on 20 March 2010 affected the economic, political and cultural activities in Europe and across the world. Even where compliance did not occur, residents showed respect for authority and the jobs they were undertaking, despite the errors and confusion. Despite these advances, Icelands sweeper system is still considered a critical component of the communication network. A further 21% received news from family, friends or neighbours and 36% heard about it on the radio. In 2021, Iceland experienced a magnificent eruption on the Reykjanes peninsula, the land that connects Reykjavik with Keflavik International Airport.In the weeks before its explosion, tens and thousands of earthquakes shook the capital and surrounding areas - normally a surefire forecast of imminent volcanic activities. Learn. Edward Elgar, UK, Bird DK, Gisladottir G, Dominey-Howes D (2010) Volcanic risk and tourism in southern Iceland: Implications for hazard, risk and emergency response education and training. ADS Transcripts were analysed and coded according to the core topics of the 2010 questionnaire. The lava flow from the Nyiragongo volcano flowed to the northeast of the city of Goma in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Accessed 29 Nov 2017, Statistics Iceland (2017c) At work in main and second job by economic activity, sex and region 1991-2016. The calls are increasing. Namely, it appears that residents believe they, their families and the DCPEM are better prepared for a Katla eruption based on the Eyjafjallajkull experience (Fig. Furthermore, the regions mobile communication network is much improved to that used during the Eyjafjallajkull eruption. While 2010 respondents believed it is more likely a Katla eruption will occur in the next 10 years, they perceived less damage would occur particularly in relation to their property (Fig. It is a small community. They are so enthusiastic. The flank eruption was followed 12 days later (14 April) by a far more explosive 39-day long summit eruption resulting in medium-sized jkulhlaups (glacial outburst floods) to the north, small jkulhlaups and lahars to the south and considerable ash fall to the east and east-southeast of the volcano (orkelsson, 2012). Based on questionnaire survey results, interviews with key stakeholders and data derived from Statistics Iceland, this paper considers how residents might respond to a future eruption by examining their experience of the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions against the changing demographic, economic and political landscape. However, while it may enhance some aspects of vulnerability, it may also bring about new opportunities for developing new and exciting methods for generating a proactive public response to future evacuation orders among new and old residents. For example, many noted that Heimaland was a poor choice as they believe it is vulnerable to jkulhlaup emanating from Eyjafjallajkull because it is so low in the landscape and it is built in the old river bed of Markarfljt (V-E). I would like to know the national and international responses to the Icelandic Volcano eruption earlier this year. Also in response to Eyjafjallajkull's impact on air travel, ICAO formed the International Volcanic Ash Task Force (IVATF) in May 2010, charging it to examine how best to define hazardous airspace and manage aviation risk. Spring-Verlag, New York, Book For example, there are distinct differences between decision-making and actions undertaken by men and women (Haynes et al., 2016, Haynes et al., 2010) and age plays a significant role, with younger males often taking greater risks than older age groups and women across all age groups (Haynes et al., 2016). On the scientific front, there has been a notable increase in volcanic-cloud research since Eyjafjallajkull and the Cordon Caulle long-lived ash plume of 2011. . However, more respondents acknowledged the necessity of evacuating during the summit eruption (75%) than the flank eruption (54%). Long term effects Areas of farmland covered in ash or washed away They said we feel safe at home because we know you are watching us (O). Participants Adult residents in areas close to the Eyjafjallajkull volcano (N=1096), divided according to exposure levels, and a non-exposed sample (n=475), with 80% participation rate in 2013. The impacts of the eruption were significant on my farm and at my neighbouring farms. In April 2010, Eyjafjallajkull, a volcano in southern Iceland, began spewing several kilometres of volcanic ash into the atmosphere.The cloud of ash forced the greatest airspace closure since World War II, cancelling nearly 100,000 flights and disrupting the travel plans of tourists and business travelers alike throughout northern Europe. People used to be everywhere and its still the same, but now there are 30 times, 100 times more [tourists]. Hence, it is well known that if you are located in these areas you must evacuatehighlighting geographic location as an important factor influencing decision-making. The questionnaire developed for this survey was modelled on those implemented in a longitudinal study on knowledge and perceptions related to a possible Katla eruption (see Bird et al., 2009a, Bird et al., 2009b, Bird et al., 2011, Jhannesdttir and Gsladttir, 2010). Accessed 14 Apr 2018, Strahan K, Whittaker J, Handmer J (2018) Self-evacuation archetypes in Australian bushfire. On 20th March 2010, Eyjafjallajkull burst into life after nearly 190 years of inactivity. There is not any better place to be at [referring to the safety of his home]; there is no reason to be running somewhere (V-E). We could not expect our children to stay in the darkness and the hell (A-E). Part of the Advances in Volcanology book series (VOLCAN) Abstract Eyjafjallajkull became Iceland's most infamous volcano in 2010 when the ash cloud from its summit eruption caused unprecedented disruption to the international aviation industry and considerable challenges to local farming communities and villages. Long Term. The last eruption from E15 was in 1821 and so the volume of ash produced was expected. People can lose their possessions as . J Geodyn 43:118152, orkelsson B (2012) The 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruption, Iceland. On the evening of 22nd May 2021, Africa's most active volcano and one of the most dangerous in the world erupted. I know most of the people that live here. A little over half the respondents indicated they evacuated during the flank (56% A-E; 56% V-E) and summit (54% A-E; 47% V-E) eruptions. Iceland. Given the immediate need for evacuation, particularly for a catastrophic Katla eruption, these perspectives provide a critical viewpoint of how and why people behave the way they do when faced with a volcanic crisis. While interviewees stated that available resources were insufficient in dealing with the increased number of tourists visiting the area they also raised concerns relating to the amalgamation of districts on 1 January 2015. We certainly sympathised with our nearest neighbours from Austur-Eyjafjll. That is, based on media reports, residents deem others suffered far greater impacts than themselves and therefore consider them more vulnerable. What were the responses to the 2002 eruption of Mount Nyiragongo? In: Felton A, Reinhart CM (eds) The First Global Financial Crisis of the 21st Century: Part ll June-December 2008. We have a similar amount of policemen as we had in 2004 (O). Accessed 9 April 2018, Bird D, Gsladttir G (2012) Residents attitudes and behaviour before and after the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptionsa case study from southern Iceland. It can be annoying. J Volcanol Geoth Res 172:179188, Paveglio TB, Boyd AD, Carroll MS (2017) Re-conceptualizing community in risk research. Ensuring the sustainability of local rescue teams and the sweeper system is critical, as their roles during future events may become even more important with respect to reaching new residents and tourists that are not connected to kin, friend and community networks. Data derived from Statistics Iceland (2017a). Given the complexities of risks associated with volcanic hazards in Icelande.g., jkulhlaups, lightning, poisonous gases, as well as ash fallit is critical that these are clearly communicated with sufficient detail to avoid confusion among new residents. The scientific validity and operational utility of the ash concentration charts have been questioned by international experts and therefore have not been implemented outside Europe. I found it necessary to ascend the 200-meter hight Mt. Earthwatch Institute is an international environmental charity. The results section is presented under the three subsections: 2010 Eyjafjallajkull survey, 2016 interviews and the changing demographics of South Iceland. Lava fountain and lava flows from the Holuhraun fissure eruption on Iceland, Sep 2014 (Bardarbunga volcano) (Photo: Lukas Gawenda) Multiple lava fountain from the Holuhraun fissure eruption . It brought us much closer and then I knew also the trust that the people have in us. comm. However, experience of an event, either direct or vicarious, can lead people to expect similar impacts from future events. The items of import to this paper are: demographics; impact of the eruptions; receipt of cues and warnings; public response; perceived levels of coping; and, perceptions of the future. The central volcanoes along the off-rift volcanic zones in Iceland were the source of at least 19 eruptions of dominant alkali rhyolitic composition, with three distinct episodes recorded at 4.6 . Exact figures on how many people evacuated during both phases are also not available. Tierney KJ, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2001) Facing the unexpected: disaster preparedness and response in the United States. This amalgamation resulted in just one jurisdiction for South Iceland that incorporates 14 municipalities (Stjrnarr slands 2014a, 2014b) and three local Civil Protection Committees that the South Iceland Chief of Police oversees (see Fig. And of course [Eyjafjallajkull] they want to say theyve been here. 0.0 / 5. Nat Hazards Rev 8:6977, Drabek TE (1986) Human system responses to disaster: an inventory of sociological findings. Cogn Psychol 4:207232, Walker P (2018) Kilauea volcano eruption. As the communities diversify, so too will peoples beliefs, values and activities. The transcripts underwent a further analysis to capture detail and nuances within the data that relate to the aims of this paper. To obtain Consisting of local residents as volunteers, some of whom form part of the local rescue team, their role is to sweep their neighbourhood by going from house to house to ensure everyone has received the warnings and have, or are in the process of evacuating to their designated centre (Bird et al., 2009b). While authorities were pleased with public response to evacuation orders in 2010, some residents did not evacuate. Find out why Researching disaster risk is therefore an ongoing challenge requiring a continual process of generating understanding of the changing environmental and societal characteristics that influence disaster vulnerability. Transcripts were analysed and coded according to the core topics of the 2010 questionnaire. I found the place that people from Eyjafjll were supposed to evacuate to not safe [Heimaland]. For the first couple of weeks, lava oozed from a fissure on its ice-free flank, and . Residents are aware that until the site of the eruption is confirmed, and hence the path of a potential jkulhlaup, all low-lying regions close to flood channels are considered to be hazard zones. That is, these communities look to each other for guidance and support during times of crisis. We had rehearsals years before and meetings and talks and it was in the back of our minds that everyone needed to evacuate if told to do so (A-E). In: Fearnley CJ, Bird DK, Haynes K, Mcguire WJ, Jolly G (eds) Observing the volcano world: volcano crisis communication. Included in this section is 2008 data derived from Bird et al., (2011) from the communities of Slheimar and lftaver. Bass101568. The kids they can learn everything. But foremost you felt powerlessness, tranquillity, and respect towards nature (V-E). So called 'low' ash concentrations were deemed to be defined as <2-4 mg/m3. It is rare to find such a detailed study that spans the before and aftera perspective that is often unattainable due to the nature of natural hazard events. Residents in Slheimar and lftaver stated they were not required to evacuate. They are the future who should be taking over (A-E). This is because the sweepers, who are residents of the immediate neighbourhood, are only active during a volcanic eruption. 2). A largely unknown, hard-to-pronounce volcano erupted, grinding Europe to a halt. This is the ninth video for the AQA GCSE 9-1 Geography course, and the ninth video of the Cha. On average, Mauna Loa, located on the island of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean, erupts every three and a half years with fountains and streams of incandescent lava. For me this was at the same time frightening and magnificent. Hence, memories of a significant experience, e.g., that relating to the Eyjafjallajkull eruption, may influence peoples response to a future event, e.g., a catastrophic Katla eruption. The family took the situation as it was, slightly worried about the continuation; not knowing what to expect was the worst. There are of course some things that we can do better and I think that most of that is regarding information to people. Ann Glaciol 45:6672, Gudmundsson MT, Thordarson T, Hskuldsson , Larsen G, Bjrnsson H, Prata FJ, Oddsson B, Magnsson E, Hgnadttir T, Petersen GN, Hayward CL, Stevenson JA, Jnsdttir I (2012) Ash generation and distribution from the April-May 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland. In this instance, emergency managers need to be aware of normalisation bias, where individuals believe they are able to cope with a future (larger) event, based on a past experience of coping with a previous (smaller) event (Paton et al., 2001). Since then, the industry has flourished resulting in a rapid increase in employment numbers particularly since 2012corroborating the statements from officials in 2016. Sage, Thousand Oaks, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2012) The protective action decision model: theoretical modifications and additional evidence. Created by. The 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano had a huge impact on air travel, changing the assessment of risk by the aviation sector and catalyzing new lines of scientific investigation. This evacuation was warranted as the summit eruption, located under the glacier, produced medium-sized jkulhlaups to the north and small jkulhlaups to the south. Youre told to evacuate and you do that. However, the changing social landscape will test this phenomenon. Again, evacuation orders were disseminated via the automated phone alert system with approximately 800 residents complying before daybreak on 14 April 2010. The questionnaire included 92 open and closed response questions compiled into the following 10 sections, which also formed the basis of the semi-structured interviews. Despite volcanic eruptions in earlier times, the eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajokull in April and May 2010 served as a climactic point in aviation history. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of capturing narratives of actions and activities to enhance our understanding of the process of decision-making and the situational factors that add to its complexity. Incandescent spatter erupted along a crack in the earth, scorching the soil as small lava fountains illuminated the dark landscape. Map produced by Olga Kolbrn Vilmundardttir. in response to this demand, the european union'stransport ministers adopted a short-term solution.they declared that a volcanic ash concentration of up to 2 mg/m3 was deemed 'safe' for flight operations, provided that certain risk mitigation . Sitting on the ring of fire, Iceland is known to be prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. The tourism industry, however, is rapidly growing, with the South attracting the highest number of visitors outside the capital region (Bird et al., 2016). Match. These figures, however, should be treated with caution. Disaster researchers have, however, applied a range of theoretical perspectives to enhance our understanding of the process of decision-making in response to imminent threats. 1). Often locals are also employed as tour guides. Icelandic Meteorological Office; Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland; The National Commissioner of the Icelandic Police, Reykjavik. The 2016 interviews and the preparation of this paper were supported by the Nordic Centre of Excellence for Resilience and Societal SecurityNORDRESS, which is funded by the Nordic Societal Security Programme. From crops to houses!! In: Lyinskaya E, Larsen G, Gudmundsson MT (eds) Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes. These impacts, however, were felt right across the region to lftaver. I was concerned about the horses I found it terrifying and I feared that the ash would [continue to increase in quantity] (). The. Lahars caused severe erosion to rivers. Please note, due to time pressures the community of Skgar (Austur- Eyjafjll) was not included in this study. Due to the small population size, a census style sampling method was undertaken. This greater complexity will inevitably create greater challenges for the local police and DCPEM. It was an enormously costly "one-size-fits-all". Both Almannavarnir [DCPEM] and Bjrgunarsveitir [rescue teams], the Red Cross and the municipalities in the area were well organised. Fast-moving lava can kill people and falling ash can make it hard for them to breathe. ADS In: Rodrguez H, Quarantelli EL, Dynes RR (eds) Handbook of disaster research. . Population numbers in Mrdalshreppur, Skaftrhreppur and Rangring eystrathe municipalities impacted by the Eyjafjallajkull eruptionhave been fairly consistent, with a total number of 2772, 2710 and 2769 recorded in 2000, 2008 and 2016, respectively. The structure of the population, however, changed during this period with losses in the 017 year and 3044 year age categories across both genders between 2000 and 2016 (Fig. Bull Volcanol 70:605621, Haynes K, Coates L, Oliveira FDD, Gissing A, Bird D, Honert RVD, Radford D, Darcy R, Smith C (2016) An analysis of human fatalities from floods in Australia 1900-2015. Case Study - Icelandic Eruption 2010. I started to explain to them what happened, why we evacuated in such a hurryI waited to see the response and get the anger but it was quite the opposite. The first alarm about the eruption in Fimmvruhls did not come to our phones. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (Humanit Soc Sci Commun) And we could see. In doing so, they will gain an enhanced understanding of the changing population and be in a position to adjust strategies to suit the populations needs. volcano, vent in the crust of Earth or another planet or satellite, from which issue eruptions of molten rock, hot rock fragments, and hot gases. However, some people viewed their homes as the safest option. During these events this area was impacted by jkulhlaup, ash fall, lightning, loud sound blasts and rock fall. Sveinn Rnarsson, 2018). They can cause rain, thunder and lightning. Responses. Sometimes beginning with an . If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. This may be particularly apparent if their patrons are out sightseeing and are therefore unaccountable, which is just as likely during the night (e.g., on a Northern Lights tour) as it is during the day. Eyjafjallajkull Icelandic Eruption 2010 . Yet, most residents showed respect for authority and acknowledged the necessity of the evacuations. And she said Youre supposed to evacuate! But we didnt evacuate because we got no further information. They could hardly do it differently. Accessed 8 Nov 2016, Statistics Iceland (2017a) Population by municipality, age and sex 1998-2017 - Division into municipalites as of 1 January 2017. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02005.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=813b90ba-b0e0-4863-a995-a9c8bb7e9bbc. That is, we endeavoured to capture perspectives from every permanent household within these communities. The experience that is the focus of this paper is the response to the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. 3)an observation that is supported by verbatim quotes presented in the previous sections. Respondents reflected that they simply dealt with the situation at-hand knowing that it wouldnt last forever. Possible causes of climate change: natural factors - orbital changes, volcanic activity and solar output. -Web cameras provided information and allowed the general population easy access to monitor the progress of the eruption. During these events they were impacted by jkulhlaup, ash fall, lightning, loud sound blasts and lahars. Out of 61 households approached to take part in the survey, 58 completed the questionnaire (one respondent per household) giving a response rate of 95%. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 27:307316, Thordarson T, Larsen G (2007) Volcanism in Iceland in historical time: volcano types, eruption styles and eruptive history. The inherent challenges this enhanced diversity brings with respect to developing risk mitigation strategies cannot be ignored. And despite the clarity of the prescribed action to evacuate, some residents received conflicting information regarding the location of their designated centre. Data were collected at 2 time points: in 2010 and 2013. They didnt know where it was erupting and therefore it was necessary (A-E). Up to that point, very few people outside of Iceland or the volcanological community had heard of Eyjafjallajkull, but this volcano has arguably had a greater global impact than any in Iceland since the huge Laki eruption of 1783, which resulted in short-term climate impacts in the Northern Hemisphere . The regional Chief of Police and the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management (DCPEM) held meetings with scientists, local police and rescue teams in response to increased seismicity in and around Eyjafjallajkull in early 2010. Furthermore, South Icelands Hekla, Katla, Grmsvtn and Brarbunga volcanoes (Fig. As soon as we knew when the flood had come we told the people that we would let them go home and feed their animals. Long-term responses to Mount Pinatubo's eruption saw the rebuilding of houses, villages, roads, bridges, and other damaged infrastructure. Demographic changes most notably include greater international migration and migration from the capital region. PubMedGoogle Scholar. All data was entered into SurveyMonkey and exported into Microsoft Excel for analysis. Vulnerability to natural hazard risk is complex. In: Fearnley CJ, Bird DK, Haynes K, Mcguire WJ, Jolly G (eds) Observing the Volcano World: Volcano Crisis Communication. They banded together with neighbours and friends to help each other through the tough times but they also had great concerns for their livestock. It is therefore not surprising that people contested the location of some evacuation centres, particularly those located in low-lying regions and old flood channels. We would be much, much more afraid if somebody told us about the possibility of a huge earthquake in the ocean with the coast with a wave [tsunami]. The eruption has prompted further research into air craft design. Additional aspects, however, were included to examine experiences related to the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. This lack of detail can be attributed to people sheltering in unofficial places (either by choice or official instruction to do so) and as reported by a few respondents, registration was not well organised in some instances. Our analysis therefore focused on those municipalities surrounding the Eyjafjallajkull and Katla volcanoes: Mrdalshreppur (which includes Slheimar), Skaftrhreppur (which includes lftaver) and Rangring eystra (which includes Vestur- and Austur-Eyjafjll). Volcanoes - Iceland 2010 (HIC) and DRC 2002 (LIC) Use a named example of a tropical storm to show its effects and responses Hurricane Katrina 2005 or Typhoon Haiyan 2013 An example of a recent extreme weather event in the UK Cumbria Floods 2015 Section B - The living world An example of a small-scale UK ecosystem Pond Sci. Ten years ago the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkul erupted, sending a plume of volcanic ash over nine kilometers into the sky. Immediate responses Long term responses Aid agencies gave bedding, equipment to provide clean water for drinking and sanitation, blankets, tents, food, and cooking utensils to refugees. The municipalities encompassing the South region include Sveitarflagi Hornafjrur, Vestmannaeyjar, Sveitarflagi rborg, Mrdalshreppur, Skaftrhreppur, sahreppur, Rangring eystra, Rangring ytra, Hrunamannahreppur, Hverageri, Sveitarflagi lfus, Grmsnes- og Grafningshreppur, Skeia- og Gnpverjahreppur, Blskgabygg and Flahreppur. In addition to duty of care, non-compliance can be attributed to a belief that the warnings were irrelevant to the household. Immediate responses Long term responses Manila airport closed 200000 people relocated Red Cross, Action Aid and Oxfam provided food and blankets . She was a little more anxious. With a changing population, exponential growth in tourism and a volcanic eruption on average every 34 years, disaster risk research is of critical importance. So they were surprised when it turned out to be like a medium Katla. The PADM shows that decision-making is initiated by environmental cues (e.g., the sight or sound of an eruption), social cues (e.g., neighbours evacuating) and/or warnings (e.g., official advice to evacuate). Communities impacted by jkulhlaup (flood) inundation and ash fall exceeding 1cm (from Bird et al., 2018). In comparison, specific migration details are not available by municipality, i.e., Statistics Iceland only provides aggregated data at a regional level. That is, our study does not incorporate perspectives on long-term impacts and how they may influence peoples decision-making during a future event due to ongoing physical and mental health impacts. We got away relatively well from ash fall and the jkulhlaup went only over grazing land and not cultivated land. The former outbreak in Eyjafjallajkull in 2010 was a small effusive basalt eruption starting on March 20th when a 400 m long fissure opened on the northeastern flank of the volcano called Fimmvruhls that lies between the ice caps of Eyjafjallajkull and Mrdalsjkull glaciers at 800 m above sea level. E-15 volcano (short&long term responses) Flashcards. 8). In its path, the lava decimated houses, schools and the city's main water reservoir. As discussed elsewhere (e.g., Mileti and Sorensen, 1990), friends, family and neighbours were invaluable in communicating official warnings. Others chose to stay home because they did not believe the warnings and/or evacuation plan were relevant to them. Thank you for visiting nature.com. High tech equipment is now used to measure volcanic activity Warning systems A text message system, where it warns people within 30 mins of the volcano if there will be an eruption. Founded as Educational Expeditions International in 1971 by Bob Citron and Clarence Truesdale, Earthwatch supports hundreds of Ph.D. researchers across dozens of countries, conducting over 100,000 hours of research annually. 1 / 9. The 2010 eruptions at Eyjafjallajokull in Iceland struck fear into the hearts of air - . ISSN 2662-9992 (online), Responding to volcanic eruptions in Iceland: from the small to the catastrophic, humanities and social sciences communications, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0205-6, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (, http://www.almannavarnir.is/utgefid-efni/?wpdmc=articles-in-english, https://reliefweb.int/report/world/phases-disaster-recovery-emergency-response-long-term, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02001.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=e87bdd18-bb84-4e71-8c4f-611b8d583564, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02005.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=813b90ba-b0e0-4863-a995-a9c8bb7e9bbc, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__buferlaflutningar__buferlaflinnanlands__buferlaflinnanlands/MAN01002.px, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Samfelag/Samfelag__vinnumarkadur__3_arstolur/VIN01111.px, https://www.stjornarradid.is/efst-a-baugi/frettir/stok-frett/2014/12/19/Innanrikisradherra-setur-nyjar-reglugerdir-um-9-syslumannsumdaemi-og-9-logregluumdaemi/, https://www.stjornarradid.is/media/innanrikisraduneyti-media/media/frettir-2014/logreglan.pdf, http://www.traveller.com.au/kilauea-volcano-eruption-hawaii-tourists-arrested-for-entering-restricted-zones-to-take-, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Aggregated livelihood data is therefore presented for outside the capital region from 19912016 (i.e., the time period available from Statistics Iceland). Environ Sci Policy 13:185194, Hskuldsson (2015) rfajkull. They marked the questionnaire as a positive response because they had intended to evacuate, as they believed it was the right thing to do, to the extent that they were concerned the police would come for them: To be very honest, during the night and until the morning I was more scared of the police than the eruption! This paper draws on these learnings to consider future response to an evacuation order with respect to a regions recent experience of responding to evacuation orders. . They can also die from famine, fires and earthquakes which can be related to volcanoes. They are providing food for the. But still I say the evacuation was necessary because I think what makes everything so easy and organised and good is people obey the authorities. Basaltic lava is fluid in nature. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02001.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=e87bdd18-bb84-4e71-8c4f-611b8d583564. I was born here. This optimism was frequently linked to their experience of Eyjafjallajkull. Ash advisories derived from dispersion-model output were issued by the London VAAC, depicting the presence of ash over large parts of Europe and the North Atlantic. The authors declare no competing interests. IOM is providing transport for the government, international and local NGOs to distribute non-food relief items for some 290,000 people displaced by the eruption of Mount Merapi in Central Java. The IVATF included representatives from government and industry groups involved in aviation regulation, operations, and scientific investigations. There is no doubt that as the worlds population continues to grow and expand in hazardous environments, so too does our vulnerability to disaster. Responses to the event (international and domestic) - Immediate and long term Eyjafjallajokull is in Iceland, and is an example of a major volcanic eruption. We of course ran to the TV and turned it on and turned on the computers and [motions typing on keyboard] and made phone calls and we had phones calls and then we tried to get more information from the television mostly and the internet and when we didnt get any more information we just went to bed. Centre for Economic Policy Research, London, Dash N, Gladwin H (2007) Evacuation decision making and behavioral responses: individual and household. The questionnaire was administered as a hardcopy. Each quote is coded as one of the following: V-E for Vestur-Eyjafjll resident, A-E for Austur-Eyjafjll resident, S for Slheimar resident, for lftaver resident, RT for rescue team member and O for official. A few months following the eruptions, we conducted a survey to investigate how impacted residents responded to and coped with the events. The search for the six people still missing around the 3,067 meter peak of the volcano on the. Many respondents had lived at their address (during surveying) all their lives with almost two-thirds having lived there 30 years or more and most having family in the region for two or more generations, with the longest at seven generations. The years of 2000, 2008 and 2016 were selected as equal time periods of available data from the most recent year (i.e., 2016, as accessed in 2017). As volcanic ash fallout is predicted to reach ground level following the eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano in Iceland, scientists from the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology have responded rapidly to increase sampling rates of air quality, soils and vegetation at its long-term monitoring sites across the UK. 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